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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anomale Diffusion</span></h1>
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<p><b>Anomale Diffusion</b> ist in der <a href="Statistische_Physik" title="Statistische Physik">statistischen Physik</a> eine besondere Art des Transportprozesses <a href="Diffusion" title="Diffusion">Diffusion</a> bzw. der <a href="Brownsche_Molekularbewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownsche Molekularbewegung">brownschen Molekularbewegung</a>, die in vielen komplexen (z.&nbsp;B. <a href="Viskoelastizit%C3%A4t" title="Viskoelastizität">viskoelastischen</a>) Medien auftritt. Sie lässt sich nicht durch das gewöhnliche (<a href="Ficksches_Diffusionsgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ficksches Diffusionsgesetz">Fick’sche</a>) Diffusionsgesetz beschreiben. Im Unterschied zu normaler Diffusion wächst die <a href="Mittlere_quadratische_Verschiebung" title="Mittlere quadratische Verschiebung">mittlere quadratische Verschiebung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}(\tau )\rangle }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/433a4a9a935da109f5bb51d11fb9a2e06a84fec8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.923ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}(\tau )\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> eines anomal diffundierenden Teilchens, also der Raum, den das Teilchen in der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span>, sondern folgt typischerweise einem Potenzgesetz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}(\tau )\rangle \propto \tau ^{\alpha }}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}(\tau )\rangle \propto \tau ^{\alpha }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/96151bb3a2ce1d1351b1bb120e67a22deb28d402.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.564ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}(\tau )\rangle \propto \tau ^{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Anomalieparameter α. Anomale Diffusion beschreibt Zufallsbewegungen mit lang-reichweitigen Korrelationen, für die der <a href="Zentraler_Grenzwertsatz" title="Zentraler Grenzwertsatz">zentrale Grenzwertsatz</a> der Statistik nicht mehr gilt. Solche Transportprozesse treten zum Beispiel in <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a> oder beim Reiseverhalten von Menschen auf.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_und_Eigenschaften">Definition und Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div>
<p>Übliche Diffusionsprozesse lassen sich makroskopisch durch die Fick’sche Diffusionsgleichung beschreiben. Mikroskopisch geht diese Beschreibung in eine <a href="Brown%E2%80%99sche_Molekularbewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown’sche Molekularbewegung">Brown’sche Molekularbewegung</a> (<a href="Wiener-Prozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener-Prozess">Wiener-Prozess</a>) über, mit der mittleren quadratischen Verschiebung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle _{\text{normale Diffusion}}=2n\cdot D\cdot \tau }">
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<mtext>normale Diffusion</mtext>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle _{\text{normale Diffusion}}=2n\cdot D\cdot \tau }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8f71a101b3e1a04061061373fc70edb1b091e10.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.046ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle _{\text{normale Diffusion}}=2n\cdot D\cdot \tau }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Faktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt die Zahl der Raumdimensionen an und der Parameter <i>D</i> ist der <a href="Diffusionskoeffizient" title="Diffusionskoeffizient">Diffusionskoeffizient</a>.
</p><p>Anomale Diffusion zeichnet sich dagegen durch folgende Abhängigkeit aus:<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle _{\text{anomale Diffusion}}=2n\cdot K_{\alpha }\cdot \tau ^{\alpha },\quad \alpha >0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle _{\text{anomale Diffusion}}=2n\cdot K_{\alpha }\cdot \tau ^{\alpha },\quad \alpha &gt;0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6215f7edd8110fdcafaa031486b7c39f2b3cfc3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.001ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle _{\text{anomale Diffusion}}=2n\cdot K_{\alpha }\cdot \tau ^{\alpha },\quad \alpha >0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hier ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\alpha }}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\alpha }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ca9405cf5ff6853e2d32bd48b6c8350df16d2eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.257ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span> ein verallgemeinerter Diffusionskoeffizient und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> der Anomalieparameter. Die Einheit dieses verallgemeinerten Diffusionskoeffizienten ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [K_{\alpha }]=m^{2}/s^{\alpha }}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [K_{\alpha }]=m^{2}/s^{\alpha }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ed778e31d331fcfa206ada03504ee169a9fd5b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.281ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [K_{\alpha }]=m^{2}/s^{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span>, hängt also vom Anomalieparameter ab. Man unterscheidet zwei Regime, die auch in der Abbildung ganz oben dargestellt sind:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Subdiffusion (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<\alpha <1}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;\alpha &lt;1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43eb26b3586c8f17272d05089e2ce832c274dea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.009ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<\alpha <1}" loading="lazy"></span>):</i> Diese Art der verlangsamten diffusiven Bewegung kann etwa im Inneren von <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a> und bei Random Walks auf fraktalen Strukturen beobachtet werden.</li>
<li>Der Spezialfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03d67a45a44be8b8f15e99b7def2b0cf0aba1717.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =1}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt die gewöhnliche <i>normale Diffusion</i>.</li>
<li><i>Superdiffusion (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha >1}">
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha &gt;1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17d81dbbc4786493c7b8548cc324a978d7cf5dbd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha >1}" loading="lazy"></span>):</i> Diese beschleunigte Diffusion tritt z.&nbsp;B. bei Lévy-Flügen auf, oder etwa bei der Bewegung von Geldscheinen bzw. Reisebewegung von Menschen.</li>
<li>Der Spezialfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =2}">
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/938489e6428bb7959330df8c06c79a994811c4a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =2}" loading="lazy"></span> wird <i>ballistische Diffusion</i> (englisch <span lang="en"><i>ballistic diffusion</i></span>) genannt.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevE.81.030105_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevE.81.030105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dies entspricht einem Fall, wo zusätzlich zur Diffusionsbewegung auch eine Drift vorliegt.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anomale_Diffusion_als_makroskopischer_Effekt">Anomale Diffusion als makroskopischer Effekt</h3></div>
<p>Anomale Diffusion an sich ist zunächst ein makroskopischer Effekt. Wie die verschiedenen obigen Beispiele schon zeigen, ist das Herleiten der mikroskopischen Ursache der anomalen Diffusion nicht einfach möglich.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeitabhängiger_Diffusionskoeffizient_und_Gedächtnis"><span id="Zeitabh.C3.A4ngiger_Diffusionskoeffizient_und_Ged.C3.A4chtnis"></span>Zeitabhängiger Diffusionskoeffizient und Gedächtnis</h3></div>
<p>Die mittlere quadratische Verschiebung lässt sich formal auch durch einen zeitabhängigen Diffusionskoeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{\alpha }(\tau )}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{\alpha }(\tau )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41ee863728c0589fb30e43f9b2c33fa55e130dce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.22ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{\alpha }(\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span> ausdrücken:<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle _{\text{anomale Diffusion}}=2n\cdot D_{\alpha }(\tau )\cdot \tau \quad {\text{mit}}\quad D_{\alpha }(\tau )=K_{\alpha }\cdot \tau ^{\alpha -1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtext>anomale Diffusion</mtext>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle _{\text{anomale Diffusion}}=2n\cdot D_{\alpha }(\tau )\cdot \tau \quad {\text{mit}}\quad D_{\alpha }(\tau )=K_{\alpha }\cdot \tau ^{\alpha -1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dd31006a1b7536e063fb1e5a4af8b379d1bd54a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:65.548ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle _{\text{anomale Diffusion}}=2n\cdot D_{\alpha }(\tau )\cdot \tau \quad {\text{mit}}\quad D_{\alpha }(\tau )=K_{\alpha }\cdot \tau ^{\alpha -1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Diffusionskoeffizient ist also nicht mehr zeitlich konstant, das Verhalten (die "Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit") eines Teilchens hängt also davon ab, wie lange es sich schon bewegt (für Subdiffusion wird es z.&nbsp;B. immer langsamer, je länger es sich bewegt). Dies bedeutet, dass quasi ein Gedächtnis im System vorhanden ist, das die aktuelle Bewegung von der Vorgeschichte abhängig macht. Ein detaillierteres mathematisches Modell hierfür wird weiter unten im Abschnitt <a href="#Anomale_Diffusion_und_die_Langevin-Gleichung">Anomale Diffusion und die Langevin-Gleichung</a> beschrieben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auftreten_anomaler_Diffusion">Auftreten anomaler Diffusion</h2></div>
<p>Anomale Diffusionsphänomene treten in verschiedenen Systemen auf. Hier sollen einige Beispiele zusammengefasst werden, die teilweise im restlichen Artikel näher erläutert werden:
</p>
<ul><li>Superdiffusion mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha >1}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha &gt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17d81dbbc4786493c7b8548cc324a978d7cf5dbd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha >1}" loading="lazy"></span>:
<ul><li>im theoretischen Random-Walk-Modell des Lévy-Fluges<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>bei der Bewegung von Geldscheinen bzw. Reisebewegung von Menschen.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1109/MPRV.2008.77_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1109/MPRV.2008.77-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1140/epjst/e2008-00640-0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1140/epjst/e2008-00640-0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reisende Menschen verbleiben z.&nbsp;B. typischerweise einige Zeit in einer Stadt und bewegen sich dort auf kleiner räumlicher Skala. Mit einer gewissen (niedrigen, aber nicht verschwindenden) Wahrscheinlichkeit unternehmen sie dann eine Reise in eine entfernte Stadt, was zu einem großen Sprung führt. Lévy-Flüge sind ein theoretisches Modell für solches Verhalten.</li>
<li>Bewegung einzelner Zellen in Zellaggregaten<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0378-4371(01)00009-7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0378-4371(01)00009-7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>Subdiffusion mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<\alpha <1}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;\alpha &lt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43eb26b3586c8f17272d05089e2ce832c274dea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.009ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<\alpha <1}" loading="lazy"></span>:
<ul><li>Im Inneren von <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a> beobachtet man Subdiffusion bei der Bewegung von Makromolekülen durch das <a href="Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">Cytoplasma</a>. Eine Ursache hierfür kann das sog. <i><span lang="en">molecular crowding</span></i> sein, also das Vorhandensein vieler (dicht gepackter) <a href="Makromolek%C3%BCl" title="Makromolekül">Makromoleküle</a> und <a href="Organelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelle">Organellen</a> im Zytoplasma<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Auf <a href="Zellmembran" title="Zellmembran">Membranen</a> von Zellen wird ebenfalls anomale Diffusion beobachtet.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78139-6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78139-6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1529/biophysj.105.067959_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1529/biophysj.105.067959-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Zellmembran ist hier ein komplexes System aus vielen verschiedenen Bausteinen (siehe z.&nbsp;B. <a href="Fl%C3%BCssig-Mosaik-Modell" title="Flüssig-Mosaik-Modell">Flüssig-Mosaik-Modell</a>).</li>
<li>Random Walks auf fraktalen Strukturen, wie etwa <a href="Perkolationstheorie" title="Perkolationstheorie">Perkolationsklustern</a><sup id="cite_ref-Havlin2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Havlin2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.77_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.77-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dies kann auch experimentell durch <a href="Kernspinresonanz" title="Kernspinresonanz">NMR</a>-<a href="Diffusivit%C3%A4t" title="Diffusivität">Diffusivitätsmessungen</a> in porösen Systemen gezeigt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Diffusion in Polymernetzwerken<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.178101_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.178101-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Die Monomerbewegung von langen Polymeren wie <a href="DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> zeigt auf begrenzten Zeitskalen ebenfalls die Charakteristik anomaler Diffusion, hier ausgelöst durch die eingeschränkte interne Bewegung des Polymers (siehe z.&nbsp;B. das einfache <a href="Rouse-Modell" title="Rouse-Modell">Rouse-Modell</a> für die Polymerdynamik).<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.048303_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.048303-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Ladungsträgertransport in amorphen Halbleitern<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretische_Beschreibung_durch_Random_Walks">Theoretische Beschreibung durch Random Walks</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normale_Diffusion">Normale Diffusion</h3></div>

<p>Wie schon erwähnt, zeigen gewisse <span lang="en"><a href="Random_Walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Random Walk">Random Walk</a></span>-Prozesse ein anomal diffusives Verhalten. Dabei beschreibt man das Fortschreiten der (hier im Beispiel eindimensionalen) Bewegung in diskreten Zeitschritten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Positionssprung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta x=x_{t}-x_{t-1}}">
<semantics>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49956cd08f4bc95e557713027206f71224f53d63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.616ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta x=x_{t}-x_{t-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> von einem Zeitschritt zum nächsten ist für normale Diffusion <a href="Gau%C3%9F-Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauß-Verteilung">gauß-verteilt</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(\Delta x)\propto \exp \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\cdot {\frac {\Delta x^{2}}{2D\cdot \Delta t}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(\Delta x)\propto \exp \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\cdot {\frac {\Delta x^{2}}{2D\cdot \Delta t}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d221a5e9bcb50597d0eba6a9e9619b0dc0c9dd01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:30.269ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(\Delta x)\propto \exp \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\cdot {\frac {\Delta x^{2}}{2D\cdot \Delta t}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese charakteristische Gauß-Verteilung gilt aufgrund des <a href="Zentraler_Grenzwertsatz" title="Zentraler Grenzwertsatz">zentralen Grenzwertsatzes</a> der Statistik für viele Vorgänge. Sind allerdings wie in den folgenden Beispielen seine Voraussetzungen nicht mehr erfüllt (z.&nbsp;B. weil die <a href="Varianz_(Stochastik)" title="Varianz (Stochastik)">Varianz (Stochastik)</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}=2D\cdot \Delta t}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}=2D\cdot \Delta t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d5fd92756ff23e7998a1eb5701bcc2c31ca8f65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.025ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}=2D\cdot \Delta t}" loading="lazy"></span> der obigen Verteilung nicht mehr definiert werden kann), so kann man anomal diffusives Verhalten beobachten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lévy-Flüge"><span id="L.C3.A9vy-Fl.C3.BCge"></span>Lévy-Flüge</h3></div>

<p>Anomale Superdiffusion tritt in Random Walk-Prozessen auf, bei denen die Sprunglängenverteilung <a href="Heavy-tailed-Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-tailed-Verteilung">endlastig</a> ist. Hier gilt der <a href="Zentraler_Grenzwertsatz" title="Zentraler Grenzwertsatz">zentrale Grenzwertsatz</a> nicht mehr, da die Varianz von endlastigen Verteilungen divergiert.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein Beispiel sind die bereits erwähnten Lévy-Flüge, bei denen selten (aber häufiger als in einer Gauß-Verteilung) sehr lange Sprünge vorkommen können. Die Sprunglängenverteilung nimmt hier mit einem Potenzgesetz ab:<sup id="cite_ref-MITskript_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MITskript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(\Delta x)\propto |\Delta x|^{-(1+2/\alpha )},\alpha >1,\ \ \ {\text{für}}\ \ \ \Delta x\rightarrow \infty }">
<semantics>
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<mtext>für</mtext>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(\Delta x)\propto |\Delta x|^{-(1+2/\alpha )},\alpha &gt;1,\ \ \ {\text{für}}\ \ \ \Delta x\rightarrow \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f8c31c262fd8183d5abdbd6d73c26402d2ee66e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:45.122ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(\Delta x)\propto |\Delta x|^{-(1+2/\alpha )},\alpha >1,\ \ \ {\text{für}}\ \ \ \Delta x\rightarrow \infty }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im Bild rechts sind einige Schritte eines solchen Prozesses gezeigt. Die seltenen großen Sprünge sind gut zu erkennen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_time_random_walks_(CTRW)"><span id="Continuous_time_random_walks_.28CTRW.29"></span><span lang="en">Continuous time random walks</span> (CTRW)</h3></div>
<p>Ein weiterer <a href="Random_Walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Random Walk">Random-Walk</a>-Prozess mit anomal diffusiver Charakteristik sind sog. <i><span lang="en">Continuous time random walks</span></i> (CTRW). Dabei ist die Bewegung nicht in gleich lange Zeitschritte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}" loading="lazy"></span> zerteilt, sondern bei gleich bleibender Sprunglänge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3890eb866b6258d7a304fc34c70ee3fb3a81a70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.266ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta x}" loading="lazy"></span> wird die Wartezeit zwischen zwei Sprüngen aus einer Verteilung betrachtet.<sup id="cite_ref-MITskript_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MITskript-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man kann das auch als Diffusion auf einem Gitter mit Fallen auffassen, wobei die Fallen das diffundierende Teilchen unterschiedlich lange festhalten können.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ist die Wartezeitverteilung endlastig, also:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(\Delta t)\propto \Delta t^{-(1+\alpha )},0<\alpha <1,\ \ \ {\text{für}}\ \ \ \Delta t\rightarrow \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(\Delta t)\propto \Delta t^{-(1+\alpha )},0&lt;\alpha &lt;1,\ \ \ {\text{für}}\ \ \ \Delta t\rightarrow \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e71cfef89f60a354a2c17a64c617f1ff4f192e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:44.975ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(\Delta t)\propto \Delta t^{-(1+\alpha )},0<\alpha <1,\ \ \ {\text{für}}\ \ \ \Delta t\rightarrow \infty }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>so führt auch dieses zu anomaler Subdiffusion mit Anomalieparameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kontinuierliche_theoretische_Modelle">Kontinuierliche theoretische Modelle</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anomale_Diffusion_und_die_Langevin-Gleichung">Anomale Diffusion und die Langevin-Gleichung</h3></div>

<p>Normal diffundierende Teilchen in einem viskosen Medium können über die <a href="Langevin-Gleichung" title="Langevin-Gleichung">Langevin-Gleichung</a> beschrieben werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m\cdot {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}=-\xi \cdot {\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}+F_{\text{st}}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m\cdot {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}=-\xi \cdot {\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}+F_{\text{st}}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb1621885768bb33139bfc22536b2feb1c25f8f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:27.81ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m\cdot {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}=-\xi \cdot {\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}+F_{\text{st}}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist <i>x(t)</i> der Teilchenort zur Zeit <i>t</i>, ξ der Reibungskoeffizient und <i>F</i><sub>st</sub> eine stochastische Kraft mit verschwindender Korrelation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle F(t)\cdot F(t')\rangle \propto \delta (t-t')}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle F(t)\cdot F(t')\rangle \propto \delta (t-t')}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95884edd9c9f6a4c3d837bfb445a101955aab4d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.113ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle F(t)\cdot F(t')\rangle \propto \delta (t-t')}" loading="lazy"></span>, also <a href="Wei%C3%9Fes_Rauschen_(Physik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weißes Rauschen (Physik)">weißes Rauschen</a>. Diese stochastische Differentialgleichung lässt sich zur <a href="Langevin-Gleichung" title="Langevin-Gleichung">fraktionalen Langevin-Gleichung</a> verallgemeinern:<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1063/1.4742909_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1063/1.4742909-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m\cdot {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}=-\xi \cdot \int \limits _{-\infty }^{t}K(t-t'){\frac {\mathrm {d} x(t')}{\mathrm {d} t}}\;\mathrm {d} t+F_{\text{st}}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m\cdot {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}=-\xi \cdot \int \limits _{-\infty }^{t}K(t-t'){\frac {\mathrm {d} x(t')}{\mathrm {d} t}}\;\mathrm {d} t+F_{\text{st}}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bc3d412d473fc736784de14c947e2f31fbe127a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:45.945ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m\cdot {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}=-\xi \cdot \int \limits _{-\infty }^{t}K(t-t'){\frac {\mathrm {d} x(t')}{\mathrm {d} t}}\;\mathrm {d} t+F_{\text{st}}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist nun <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K(\tau )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K(\tau )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/248b6137c85a9e50e05424404a96e578f187a204.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.077ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K(\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span> ein sog. <i><span lang="en">memory kernel</span></i> (deutsch etwa Gedächtnis-Faltungskern), der eine (auch langreichweitige) zeitliche Kopplung induziert. Die Bewegung des Teilchens hängt also auch von seiner Vergangenheit (Integral <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{t}...}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{t}...}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a32cd9840280e1ffc41eb7866c5ddbee3bb5e082.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:7.161ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{t}...}" loading="lazy"></span>) ab, was bei normaler Brownscher Bewegung nicht der Fall war (dies entspricht einem <a href="Markow-Prozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Markow-Prozess">nicht-markovschen</a> Random-Walk). Nimmt man nun im Speziellen wieder ein Potenzgesetz für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K(\tau )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K(\tau )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/248b6137c85a9e50e05424404a96e578f187a204.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.077ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K(\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span> an, also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K(\tau )\propto \tau ^{-\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∝<!-- ∝ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K(\tau )\propto \tau ^{-\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90be7212429f148141d67d42c2ed6f24a72bbeab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.996ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K(\tau )\propto \tau ^{-\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>so folgt auch aus diesem Ansatz eine anomale mittlere quadratische Verschiebung mit Anomalie α.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1063/1.4742909_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1063/1.4742909-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mit diesem Ansatz kann man anomale Diffusion modellieren, wie sie in <a href="Viskoelastizit%C3%A4t" title="Viskoelastizität">viskoelastischen Medien</a> auftritt. Alternativ kann man den stochastischen Term korrelieren lassen, etwa <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle F(t)\cdot F(t')\rangle \propto \exp(-|t-t'|)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>∝<!-- ∝ --></mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle F(t)\cdot F(t')\rangle \propto \exp(-|t-t'|)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7729298eb4046c7fd56fe26eb94af920f77711db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.719ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle F(t)\cdot F(t')\rangle \propto \exp(-|t-t'|)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dies entspricht einer <i>Diffusion mit Hindernissen</i>, die für Zeitskalen, in der einerseits die Hindernisgröße und andererseits der mittlere Hindernisabstand nicht verschwindet gegenüber diffundierten Distanzen, auch eine anomale Subdiffusion ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraktionale_Diffusionsgleichung">Fraktionale Diffusionsgleichung</h3></div>
<p>Mit Hilfe der in der <a href="Fraktionale_Infinitesimalrechnung" title="Fraktionale Infinitesimalrechnung">Fraktionale Infinitesimalrechnung</a> definierten fraktionalen Integro-Differential-Operatoren lässt sich die oft zur Modellierung normaler Diffusionsphänomene herangezogene <a href="Fokker-Planck-Gleichung" title="Fokker-Planck-Gleichung">Fokker-Planck-Gleichung</a> auf anomale Diffusion erweitern.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3563_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3563-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00533-5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00533-5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese (dann fraktionale) Differentialgleichung beschreibt die Zeitentwicklung der Aufenthaltswahrscheinlichkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W(x,t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W(x,t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85a63eb83441abc8423b62f9f1837190facd7884.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.448ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W(x,t)}" loading="lazy"></span> diffundierender Teilchen am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial W(x,t)}{\partial t}}=K_{\alpha }\cdot \mathbb {D} _{t}^{1-\alpha }{\frac {\partial ^{2}W(x,t)}{\partial x^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial W(x,t)}{\partial t}}=K_{\alpha }\cdot \mathbb {D} _{t}^{1-\alpha }{\frac {\partial ^{2}W(x,t)}{\partial x^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34f9ee53a090a154f48234b70dd0a23388b6e2b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:33.381ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial W(x,t)}{\partial t}}=K_{\alpha }\cdot \mathbb {D} _{t}^{1-\alpha }{\frac {\partial ^{2}W(x,t)}{\partial x^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist der Riemann-Liouville-Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {D} _{t}^{1-\alpha }f(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {D} _{t}^{1-\alpha }f(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0eb3331cfc61b289f51222b5cc96197ecfdad891.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.99ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {D} _{t}^{1-\alpha }f(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> anschaulich als die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>-te Ableitung der Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bf044fe2fbfc4bd8d6d7230f4108430263f9fd6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.927ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> nach der Zeit definiert über die Integraldarstellung:<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {D} _{t}^{1-\alpha }f(t)={\frac {1}{\Gamma (\alpha )}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\int \limits _{0}^{t}{\frac {f(t')}{(t-t')^{1-\alpha }}}\;\mathrm {d} t'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {D} _{t}^{1-\alpha }f(t)={\frac {1}{\Gamma (\alpha )}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\int \limits _{0}^{t}{\frac {f(t')}{(t-t')^{1-\alpha }}}\;\mathrm {d} t'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9532ec81ea00e3728e73021679d26d26c2c21364.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:38.333ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {D} _{t}^{1-\alpha }f(t)={\frac {1}{\Gamma (\alpha )}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\int \limits _{0}^{t}{\frac {f(t')}{(t-t')^{1-\alpha }}}\;\mathrm {d} t'}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec077ba0bdbf87c0d66173bc4d98598fe582ac37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.592ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Gamma-Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Funktion">Gamma-Funktion</a>. Die Lösung dieser fraktionalen Differentialgleichung führt wieder auf die anomale mittlere quadratische Verschiebung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}(\tau )\rangle ={\frac {2K}{\Gamma (1+\alpha )}}\cdot \tau ^{\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}(\tau )\rangle ={\frac {2K}{\Gamma (1+\alpha )}}\cdot \tau ^{\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1bb4e744e9172f681408c56469a4a7ac378086c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:23.832ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}(\tau )\rangle ={\frac {2K}{\Gamma (1+\alpha )}}\cdot \tau ^{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Gebrochene_Brownsche_Bewegung" title="Gebrochene Brownsche Bewegung">Gebrochene Brownsche Bewegung</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Ralf Metzler, Joseph Klafter: <cite style="font-style:italic">The random walk's guide to anomalous diffusion: a fractional dynamics approach</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physics Reports</cite>. 339. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, Dezember 2000, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1–77</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573%2800%2900070-3">10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/~klafter1/258.pdf">tau.ac.il</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=The+random+walk%27s+guide+to+anomalous+diffusion%3A+a+fractional+dynamics+approach&amp;rft.au=Ralf+Metzler%2C+Joseph+Klafter&amp;rft.date=2000-12&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0370-1573%2800%2900070-3&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Reports&amp;rft.pages=1-77&amp;rft.volume=339.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Rainer Klages, Günter Radons, Igor M. Sokolov (Herausgeber) <i>Anomalous Transport</i>, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-3-527-40722-4</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>D. H. Rothman (2011): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-086-modeling-environmental-complexity-fall-2011/lecture-notes/MIT12_086F11_anomalous.pdf">MIT Vorlesungsskript "Anomalous Diffusion"</a> (zugegriffen am 11. November 2012; PDF; 224&nbsp;kB)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3_1-7">h</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralf Metzler, Joseph Klafter: <cite style="font-style:italic">The random walk's guide to anomalous diffusion: a fractional dynamics approach</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physics Reports</cite>. 339. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, Dezember 2000, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1–77</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573%2800%2900070-3">10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/~klafter1/258.pdf">tau.ac.il</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=The+random+walk%27s+guide+to+anomalous+diffusion%3A+a+fractional+dynamics+approach&amp;rft.au=Ralf+Metzler%2C+Joseph+Klafter&amp;rft.date=2000-12&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0370-1573%2800%2900070-3&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Reports&amp;rft.pages=1-77&amp;rft.volume=339.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevE.81.030105-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevE.81.030105_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Valery Ilyin, Itamar Procaccia, Anatoly Zagorodny: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stochastic processes crossing from ballistic to fractional diffusion with memory: Exact results</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review E</cite>. 81. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, März 2010, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.81.030105">10.1103/PhysRevE.81.030105</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icmp.lviv.ua/journal/zbirnyk.62/23001/art23001.pdf">lviv.ua</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Stochastic+processes+crossing+from+ballistic+to+fractional+diffusion+with+memory%3A+Exact+results&amp;rft.au=Valery+Ilyin%2C+Itamar+Procaccia%2C+Anatoly+Zagorodny&amp;rft.date=2010-03&amp;rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevE.81.030105&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+E&amp;rft.volume=81.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1109/MPRV.2008.77-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1109/MPRV.2008.77_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dirk Brockmann, Fabian Theis: <cite style="font-style:italic">Money Circulation, Trackable Items, and the Emergence of Universal Human Mobility Patterns</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">IEEE Pervasive Computing</cite>. 7. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, Oktober 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>28–35</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2008.77">10.1109/MPRV.2008.77</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rocs.northwestern.edu/publications/index_assets/brockmann2008pervasive.pdf">northwestern.edu</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Money+Circulation%2C+Trackable+Items%2C+and+the+Emergence+of+Universal+Human+Mobility+Patterns&amp;rft.au=Dirk+Brockmann%2C+Fabian+Theis&amp;rft.date=2008-10&amp;rft.doi=10.1109%2FMPRV.2008.77&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=IEEE+Pervasive+Computing&amp;rft.pages=28-35&amp;rft.volume=7.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1140/epjst/e2008-00640-0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1140/epjst/e2008-00640-0_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Brockmann: <cite style="font-style:italic">Anomalous diffusion and the structure of human transportation networks</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The European Physical Journal Special Topics</cite>. 157. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, April 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>173–189</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst%2Fe2008-00640-0">10.1140/epjst/e2008-00640-0</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rocs.northwestern.edu/research/index_assets/brockmann2008epjst.pdf">northwestern.edu</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Anomalous+diffusion+and+the+structure+of+human+transportation+networks&amp;rft.au=D.+Brockmann&amp;rft.date=2008-04&amp;rft.doi=10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2008-00640-0&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+Special+Topics&amp;rft.pages=173-189&amp;rft.volume=157.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0378-4371(01)00009-7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0378-4371(01)00009-7_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arpita Upadhyaya, Jean-Paul Rieu, James A. Glazier, Yasuji Sawada: <cite style="font-style:italic">Anomalous diffusion and non-Gaussian velocity distribution of Hydra cells in cellular aggregates</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications</cite>. 293. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3–4</span>, April 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>549–558</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371%2801%2900009-7">10.1016/S0378-4371(01)00009-7</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Anomalous+diffusion+and+non-Gaussian+velocity+distribution+of+Hydra+cells+in+cellular+aggregates&amp;rft.au=Arpita+Upadhyaya%2C+Jean-Paul+Rieu%2C+James+A.+Glazier%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2001-04&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0378-4371%2801%2900009-7&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3-4&amp;rft.jtitle=Physica+A%3A+Statistical+Mechanics+and+its+Applications&amp;rft.pages=549-558&amp;rft.volume=293.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Weiss2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiss2004_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthias Weiss, Markus Elsner, Fredrik Kartberg, Tommy Nilsson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Anomalous Subdiffusion Is a Measure for Cytoplasmic Crowding in Living Cells</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biophysical Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>87</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, November 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3518–3524</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.104.044263">10.1529/biophysj.104.044263</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Anomalous+Subdiffusion+Is+a+Measure+for+Cytoplasmic+Crowding+in+Living+Cells&amp;rft.au=Matthias+Weiss%2C+Markus+Elsner%2C+Fredrik+Kartberg%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2004-11&amp;rft.doi=10.1529%2Fbiophysj.104.044263&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=3518-3524&amp;rft.volume=87" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78139-6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78139-6_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G.J. Schuetz, H. Schindler, T. Schmidt: <cite style="font-style:italic">Single-molecule microscopy on model membranes reveals anomalous diffusion</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biophysical Journal</cite>. 73. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, August 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1073–1080</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495%2897%2978139-6">10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78139-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Single-molecule+microscopy+on+model+membranes+reveals+anomalous+diffusion&amp;rft.au=G.J.+Schuetz%2C+H.+Schindler%2C+T.+Schmidt&amp;rft.date=1997-08&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2897%2978139-6&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1073-1080&amp;rft.volume=73.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1529/biophysj.105.067959-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1529/biophysj.105.067959_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laure Wawrezinieck, Herve Rigneault, Didier Marguet, Pierre-Francois Lenne: <cite style="font-style:italic">Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Diffusion Laws to Probe the Submicron Cell Membrane Organization</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biophysical Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>89</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>6</span>, Dezember 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4029–4042</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.105.067959">10.1529/biophysj.105.067959</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Fluorescence+Correlation+Spectroscopy+Diffusion+Laws+to+Probe+the+Submicron+Cell+Membrane+Organization&amp;rft.au=Laure+Wawrezinieck%2C+Herve+Rigneault%2C+Didier+Marguet%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2005-12&amp;rft.doi=10.1529%2Fbiophysj.105.067959&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=4029-4042&amp;rft.volume=89" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diego Krapf: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mechanisms Underlying Anomalous Diffusion in the Plasma Membrane</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Current Topics in Membranes</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>75</span>. Elsevier, 2015, ISBN 978-0-12-803295-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>167–207</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.002">10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.002</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1063582315000034">elsevier.com</a> [abgerufen am 8.&nbsp;November 2019]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Mechanisms+Underlying+Anomalous+Diffusion+in+the+Plasma+Membrane&amp;rft.au=Diego+Krapf&amp;rft.btitle=Current+Topics+in+Membranes&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fbs.ctm.2015.03.002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780128032954&amp;rft.pages=167-207&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.volume=75" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Havlin2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Havlin2002_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shlomo Havlin, Daniel Ben-Avraham: <cite style="font-style:italic">Diffusion in disordered media</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Advances in Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>51</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>187–292</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00018730110116353">10.1080/00018730110116353</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Diffusion+in+disordered+media&amp;rft.au=Shlomo+Havlin%2C+Daniel+Ben-Avraham&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.doi=10.1080%2F00018730110116353&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Physics&amp;rft.pages=187-292&amp;rft.volume=51" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.77-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.77_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuval Gefen, Amnon Aharony, Shlomo Alexander: <cite style="font-style:italic">Anomalous Diffusion on Percolating Clusters</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review Letters</cite>. 50. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, Januar 1983, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>77–80</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.77">10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.77</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Anomalous+Diffusion+on+Percolating+Clusters&amp;rft.au=Yuval+Gefen%2C+Amnon+Aharony%2C+Shlomo+Alexander&amp;rft.date=1983-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.50.77&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft.pages=77-80&amp;rft.volume=50.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.178101-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.178101_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Wong, M. Gardel, D. Reichman, Eric Weeks, M. Valentine, A. Bausch, D. Weitz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Anomalous Diffusion Probes Microstructure Dynamics of Entangled F-Actin Networks</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review Letters</cite>. 92. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>17</span>, April 2004, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.178101">10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.178101</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Anomalous+Diffusion+Probes+Microstructure+Dynamics+of+Entangled+F-Actin+Networks&amp;rft.au=I.+Wong%2C+M.++Gardel%2C+D.+Reichman%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2004-04&amp;rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.178101&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft.volume=92.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.048303-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.048303_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Shusterman, Sergey Alon, Tatyana Gavrinyov, Oleg Krichevsky: <cite style="font-style:italic">Monomer Dynamics in Double- and Single-Stranded DNA Polymers</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>92</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, Januar 2004, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.048303">10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.048303</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Monomer+Dynamics+in+Double-+and+Single-Stranded+DNA+Polymers&amp;rft.au=Roman+Shusterman%2C+Sergey+Alon%2C+Tatyana+Gavrinyov%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2004-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.048303&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft.volume=92" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MITskript-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MITskript_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MITskript_14-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">D. H. Rothman (2011): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151010040509/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-086-modeling-environmental-complexity-fall-2011/lecture-notes/MIT12_086F11_anomalous.pdf">MIT Vorlesungsskript "Anomalous Diffusion"</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 10. Oktober 2015 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) (zugegriffen am 11. November 2012; PDF; 224&nbsp;kB)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. V. Weigel, B. Simon, M. M. Tamkun, D. Krapf: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Ergodic and nonergodic processes coexist in the plasma membrane as observed by single-molecule tracking</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>108</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>16</span>, 19.&nbsp;April 2011, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220027-8424%22&amp;key=cql">0027-8424</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>6438–6443</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016325108">10.1073/pnas.1016325108</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21464280?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21464280</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Ergodic+and+nonergodic+processes+coexist+in+the+plasma+membrane+as+observed+by+single-molecule+tracking&amp;rft.au=A.+V.+Weigel%2C+B.+Simon%2C+M.+M.+Tamkun%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2011-04-19&amp;rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1016325108&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=0027-8424&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=6438-6443&amp;rft.pmid=21464280&amp;rft.volume=108" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1063/1.4742909-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1063/1.4742909_16-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1063/1.4742909_16-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1063/1.4742909_16-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Christian C. Fritsch, Jörg Langowski: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4742909"><i>Kinetic lattice Monte Carlo simulation of viscoelastic subdiffusion.</i></a> In: <i>aip.scitation.org.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 29.&nbsp;Januar 2019</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AAnomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.title=Kinetic+lattice+Monte+Carlo+simulation+of+viscoelastic+subdiffusion&amp;rft.description=Kinetic+lattice+Monte+Carlo+simulation+of+viscoelastic+subdiffusion&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1063%2F1.4742909&amp;rft.creator=Christian+C.+Fritsch%2C+J%C3%B6rg+Langowski&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3563-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3563_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralf Metzler, Eli Barkai, Joseph Klafter: <cite style="font-style:italic">Anomalous Diffusion and Relaxation Close to Thermal Equilibrium: A Fractional Fokker-Planck Equation Approach</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review Letters</cite>. 82. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>18</span>, Mai 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3563–3567</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3563">10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3563</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/~klafter1/224.pdf">tau.ac.il</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=Anomalous+Diffusion+and+Relaxation+Close+to+Thermal+Equilibrium%3A+A+Fractional+Fokker-Planck+Equation+Approach&amp;rft.au=Ralf+Metzler%2C+Eli+Barkai%2C+Joseph+Klafter&amp;rft.date=1999-05&amp;rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.82.3563&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft.pages=3563-3567&amp;rft.volume=82.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00533-5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00533-5_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eli Barkai: <cite style="font-style:italic">CTRW pathways to the fractional diffusion equation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Physics</cite>. 284. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1–2</span>, November 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>13–27</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0104%2802%2900533-5">10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00533-5</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anomale+Diffusion&amp;rft.atitle=CTRW+pathways+to+the+fractional+diffusion+equation&amp;rft.au=Eli+Barkai&amp;rft.date=2002-11&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0301-0104%2802%2900533-5&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Physics&amp;rft.pages=13-27&amp;rft.volume=284.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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